PIK3CA and urinary bladder cancer: Besides BCs, a significant body of evidence exists demonstrating the dual activation of the both the PI3K and Ras/MAPK pathway in a high proportion of human tumors, including lung [3, 34], ovarian [3], endometrial [35], prostate [36], colorectal [37, 38], bladder cancers [39], AML [35], and melanoma [35, 40], and it is clear that aberrations in the PI3K and the Ras/MAPK pathway coexist [36–38, 41, 42].