Because the β2-AR receptor antagonist (ICI 118, 551) could suppress the HIF-1α protein expression and pancreatic cancer invasion and proliferation induced by NNK, all the results described above indicate that HIF-1α is required for β2-AR signaling mediating the NNK-enhanced pancreatic cancer invasion and proliferation in vitro. This evidence concerns the gene ADRB2 and pancreatic neoplasm.