In toto these results, and the associated histological changes in Henmt1PIN/PIN mice, suggest three possible mechanisms which in combination or individually could lead to sterility: 1) the loss of piRNAs directed against ‘spermatid’ transcripts in meiotic cells leads to their relative enrichment i.e. the loss of piRNA-mediated mRNA decay; 2) a loss of translational delay in key haploid germ cell transcripts leading to their depletion in round spermatids; or 3) a change in chromatin structure resulting in the precocious transcription of normally spermatid-expressed genes in meiotic cells. Here, DYNLL1 is linked to infertility disorder.