VEGFA and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: However only 10–15 % of gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas are HER2 positive and the identification of clinically effective targeted agents has proven challenging in gastroesophageal cancer, with Phase III trials evaluating the addition of targeted therapies against Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Mamalian mTOR, to cytotoxic chemotherapy, not demonstrating any benefit [9–12], and there are no targeted therapy options at all for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.