APOE and depressive symptom measurement: The strong association of incident and prevalent depression with HCV co-infection as observed in our study may have biochemical explanations in terms of neural dysregulation [25], platelet serotonin transporter functionality [26], or plasma apolipoprotein E deficiency [27], but it may also be an artifact of reverse causality as several studies have shown that individuals with depressive disorders might more likely acquire and transmit HIV [28, 29], and, as a consequence, are also more likely to be co-infected with HCV.