First, UPS-related proteins are often found to be overexpressed in cancer cells, for example, SAG.7 Second, SAG was reported to stimulate cancer growth via its dual-functions—ROS-scavenging antioxidant activity and E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.7 Third, SAG-dependent ubiquitination system has been shown to regulate immune defense and apoptosis in macrophage cells under infection condition.2 Furthermore, in this study authors have shown SAG to mediate inflammatory responses by manipulating proinflammatory cytokine production (e.g. IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in Mø. Here, SAG is linked to infection.