TNF and malaria: Because they indicate that genes involved in apoptosis, such as Fas, BAX, and TP53, are upregulated during uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in vivo (Figure 4), they suggest that apoptosis may be initiated through several different pathways in uncomplicated malaria, including TNF binding to TNFRSF, Fas (which can be induced by TNF), TNF binding to FasL, and possibly HMOX in response to oxidative stress.