AKT1 and cardiac hypertrophy: Major signaling cascades of cardiac hypertrophy include tyrosine kinases (Src and focal adhesion kinase), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK; ERK1/2, p38, and JNK), calcineurin, PI3K/Akt, and NF-κB, coupling to the activation of transcriptional expression of hypertrophic-associated genes.