PDCD10 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Interestingly, the level of p-Akt, a crucial signaling protein for tumor cell survival and proliferation, was inversely associated with PDCD10 expression in Astro II (p < 0.05) and in GBM (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1c), whereas GFAP, a marker of astrocytoma tumors and expressed in differentiated astrocytes, was detected at varying levels in individual tumor tissues and did not show a significant difference among three groups (Fig. 1d and e).