In a study with 33 consecutive AMI and 30 non-AMI patients that presented with chest pain, miR-208a remained undetectable in plasma of non-AMI patients including patients with chronic renal failure or trauma, but it was initially detected in 90.9 % of AMI patients and in 100 % of AMI patients within 4 h of the onset of chest pain, even in patients where cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels were not yet affected [59]. Here, TNNI3 is linked to chronic kidney disease.