HPSE and thyroiditis: One of these components is heparanase, an endo-beta-glucuronidase, which is known to promote the progression of many cancers due to enzymatic degradation of heparan sulfate (HS) that can liberate heparin-binding growth factors and remodel the extracellular matrix to facilitate tumor invasiveness and metastasis.[10–12] So far, the involvement of heparanase/heparan sulfate in thyroid tumorigenesis has been scarcely reported.[13, 14] There are two heparanase family members, heparanase (HPSE) and heparanase-2 (HPSE2).