Indeed, immunoreactivities for pCREBS129 and pCREBS133 were modified by less than 10% by inhibition of GSK-3 activity (+9%; P = 2.9 × 10−2 for S129 and –9% P = 1.4 × 10−3, for S133, n = 104 and 53, respectively), thus suggesting that this kinase plays a critical role in CREB activity especially following infection. Here, CREB1 is linked to infection.