Substrates of mTOR that are critically involved in the translation initiation machinery, such as p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs), are emerging as key players in autism pathogenesis (Klann and Dever, 2004). The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is autism.