TNF and infection: As loss of mitochondrial ATP generation is the consequence of dysfunction of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, these results are in line with our observation in WT animals that there are high levels of caspase-3 staining, as well as high numbers of dead and sloughed off cells during clearance of infection even at day 19 post infection, when the pathogen burden is almost entirely absent19, but the expression of IFNγ and TNFα remains high.