Genes associated with maintaining tissue homeostasis and an anti-inflammatory environment (ie. IL-10, TGF-β1 and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3) were unchanged in AIDS patients, but increased in HIV-negative subjects with IBD, a finding that is suggestive of a tissue-protective response in these patients (Table 2). Here, TGFB1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.