TNF and Sepsis: Several studies demonstrate that the protective role of MSCs in sepsis may be attributed essentially to the soluble paracrine factors released by these cells, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) [10], prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) [3], tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated gene/protein 6 [11], and IL-6 [12].