TNF and Pulmonary hemorrhage: For example, production of TNF-α that is considered as an early response cytokine was dramatically increased in IgG IC-injured lungs, which contributed to the elevated synthesis of chemokines such as MIP-1α, and final pulmonary injury including increased lung microvascular permeability, neutrophil accumulation, and pulmonary hemorrhage [17, 19, 20, 28, 29].