TNF and malaria: Severe malaria was also associated with higher levels of IL-1β (p = 0.008), IL-2 (p = 0.001), IL-4 (p = 0.041), IL-12p70 (p = 0.010), IL-13 (p = 0.004), IFN-γ (p = 0.041), TNF (p = 0.049), IFN-γ/IL-10 (p = 0.016), TNF/IL-10 (p = 0.016) and (TNF + IFN-γ)/IL-10 (p = 0.001) than mild malaria (Fig. 2b).