Indeed, transient exposure (30 min) to fractionated supernatants from the HTLV-1+ cell lines resulted in statistically significant increase in the mRNA expression of various cytokines/chemokines and adhesion molecules, including the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, the TNF-α-regulated chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, CCL2, IL13 and CXCL10, as well as V-CAM-1 and MMP-8, as compared to the values obtained when the astrocytoma cells were subjected to supernatants from non-infected T cell line cultures (Fig. 6). Here, CXCL2 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).