LTF and necrotizing enterocolitis: For treated infants, we anticipate beneficial gastrointestinal effects (e.g. trophic effects on the intestine and a predominance of beneficial microflora), immunostimulatory effects (higher concentrations of urinary lactoferrin), enhanced antioxidant status (measured by changes in levels of urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress), and a decreased incidence of L-OS and NEC.