ALB and anemia (phenotype): A recent large study (n = 11,986) [6], having recognized anaemia, malnutrition, and inflammation's impact on survival in this patient cohort, has developed equation models adjusting for these confounding factors including Alb (model 3, R2 = 0.483), Alb + Hb (model 4, R2 = 0.486), and Alb + Hb + age + race (model 5, R2 = 0.491).