Consistently, on infection with NDV-eGFP (Newcastle disease virus-enhanced green fluorescent protein), we found that overexpression of RNF166 in HEK293T cells rendered them remarkably resistant to NDV infection and reduced the levels of NDV-eGFP-positive cells, while the RING deletion mutant had the opposite effect (Fig. 4D); and the same results were obtained when RNF166 or RNF166 ΔRING were co-expressed with VISA. Here, RNF166 is linked to infection.