Abrogation of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling may have benefit in chronic viral diseases and this strategy is being explored in both HIV-1 infection (NCT02028403) and HCC associated with HBV/HCV related hepatitis (NCT01658878) with anti-PD L1 BMS-936559 and anti-PD-1 BMS-936558, respectively. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and hepatitis A virus infection.