INS and gestational diabetes: Compared with controls, the mean age, pre-BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, FPG, FPI, glycated hemoglobin, and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the GDM group (P < 0.001), whereas the levels of HOMA-B and AUC of insulin were significantly lower in the GDM group (P < 0.001).