Moreover, iatrogenic hyperinsulinemia controls hyperglycemia in insulin-treated DM patients but this can also promote pro-inflammatory macrophage responses and stimulate hormonal over-activation of signal transduction pathways, which affect progression of atherogenesis and disturb hemodynamic control and cardiovascular function by disrupting the balanced synthesis and release of endothelial mediators [9–11]. Here, INS is linked to hyperinsulinism.