INS and congestive heart failure: In addition, studies have shown that insulin-treated DM patients had higher body mass index, hemoglobin A1c (glycosylated hemoglobin), and, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels than non-insulin treated DM patients, and were more likely to have a history of stroke, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and, acute coronary syndrome when compared with non-insulin treated DM patients [8].