Cells (activated neutrophils and activated monocytes) and cytokines (TNF-α, HMGB-1, and IL-10) associated with innate immunity dropped significantly during simulation, but CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells persistently elevated after 500 hrs after infection, indicating adaptive immunity's contribution to pathogen clearance during the late stage of sepsis progression. Here, HMGB1 is linked to infection.