MIF and kidney disorder: Additional unknowns to be solved include the drivers and consequences of CD74 RIP in kidney cells, the significance for kidney disease of MIF-2 and of CD74 actions on mesenchymal stem cells, and whether AMPK is activated by CD74 in renal cells since, contrary to the heart, no difference in AMPK activation by acute ischemia was observed between MIF−/− and wild-type mice in the kidney, and this was attributed to lower CD74 expression in the kidney (86).