Roles for TPCs in pathophysiological processes to date include triggering of the acrosome reaction in mammalian fertilization (20), angiogenesis (23), cell differentiation (45, –, 47), muscarinic receptor-mediated smooth muscle contraction (27), endocytic trafficking of cholesterol in the liver (25), insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic β-cells (21), T cell activation (48), exocrine pancreatic Ca2+ signaling (24), melanosome concentration in Xenopus oocytes (26), defective vesicular trafficking in mouse models of Parkinson disease (49), and Ebola infectivity (19). Here, INS is linked to Parkinson disease.