TNF and autoimmune disease: Th1 cells producing interferon (IFN)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, transcription factor T-bet, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), as well as Th17 cells producing IL-17, are all implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus type 1; inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease) and acute organ rejection [53–61].