CCL4 and central nervous system cancer: Many genes coding for Toll-like receptors (TLR 1,2,3,4,7), signaling molecules: PI3KA, B, C, IKKβ, MAPK3K 7, 8, transcription factors FOS, NFκB1 and STAT1, and finally inflammation effectors such as IL-1β, IL-6, CCL4 and 5 were 4- to 8-fold down-regulated in high grade gliomas in comparison to low grade tumors (Fig. 3).