KRAS and pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm: Meanwhile, some cellular signaling pathways were found to be involved in the IPMN carcinogenesis, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinases-protein kinase B/Akt pathway [13], the DNA damage checkpoint pathway [14], inactivation of tumor suppressor pathways, p53 pathway [15], activation of oncogenic pathways, and K-ras pathway [16].