VEGFA and macular retinal edema: VMA can affect neovascular AMD by (1) inducing inflammation and oxidative stress, (2) formation of macular detachment, retinoschisis, and macular edema, (3) decreasing of vitreous oxygenation, (4) trapping VEGF and proangiogenic cytokines in front of the macula, and (5) mechanical stress induced VEGF production.