Bacteria and infection-induced inflammation are both known to induce epigenetic changes in host cells, particularly to genes in the MAPK, NFkB, and IFNγ signaling pathways, all of which are integral to the immune response (reviewed in [182]). Helicobacter pylori induces genome-wide aberrant hypermethylation of DNA in the gastric mucosa of pediatric and adult samples [183]. Here, IFNG is linked to infection.