TFF3 and cholangiocarcinoma: For liver fluke-related CCA, several genes within the abnormal chromosomal regions, including trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) on 21q22.3, run-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) on 1p36, CDKN2A on 9p21q and TP53 on 17p13, and thymidine phosphorylate (TP) on 22q12, which could be related to CCA development or progression were reported [31–33].