INS and Impaired glucose tolerance: Notably, administration of Anakinra, a recombinant IL-1Ra, improved first-phase insulin secretion in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin production and glycemic control in patients with T2D,21, 62 findings which were confirmed using anti-IL-1β in T2D patients.21 This supports the involvement of IL-1, particularly IL-1β, in the pathogenesis of T2D.