TNF and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: Children with severe pneumonia had significantly higher concentrations of IL-1 (p = 0.007), IL-4 (p = 0.008), IL-6 (p = 0.014), IL-8 (p <0.001), IL-9 (p = 0.006), IL-15 (p = 0.001), eotaxin (p = 0.038), b-FGF (p = 0.002), G-CSF (p < 0.001), GM-CSF (p < 0.001), and TNF- (p = 0.009) than children with non-severe pneumonia (Table 2).