AKT1 and Insulin resistance: FP insulin: fasting plasma insulin; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance; HOMA-B (%): β cell function; HOMA-S (%): insulin sensitivity; QUICKI: quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; FFA: free fatty acids; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; IL-6: interleukin-6; Akt: serine/threonine protein kinase B. Baseline data did not differ between groups using unpaired Student t-tests.