TNF and malaria: Placentas from malaria-infected litters (wild-type and C5ar-/-) showed placental inflammation as indicated by increased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon gamma (IFNΥ), intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1, CCL2) (S2 Fig, p < 0.05).