ENO2 and glioblastoma: For instance, in glioblastoma cell lines, exposed to serum starvation or hypoxia, gamma-enolase expression was significantly increased50; moreover, significant increases in protein and phosphoprotein levels were observed also in PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK and anti-apoptotic signalling pathways73,74, which are triggered by gamma-enolase in neuronal cells.