CD4 and tuberculosis: Three clinical risk factors for HIV-associated paradoxical TB-IRIS are recognized: (i) low baseline CD4+ T-cell count (<50–100 cells per mm3) before ART6, 7, 8; (ii) a short time interval between commencing TB treatment and ART6, 7, 8; and (iii) dissemination of TB to extrapulmonary sites, possibly reflecting higher bacterial load9, 10.