HAMP and hepatitis C virus infection: For example, it is upregulated during uncomplicated malaria [23–26], and during acute, chronic and advanced HIV-1 infection [27,28]; however, it is suppressed during Hepatitis C Virus infection [29], and in severe malarial anemia, where bone-marrow derived signals indicating erythropoietic iron demand likely dominate, suppressing hepcidin production [26,30].