Consistent with the interpretation that the tumor growth inhibition reflects a decrease in the formation of new blood vessels, both immunofluorescence (Fig. 7E) and Western blot analyses (Fig. 7F) showed a decrease in the endothelial cell markers, CD31 and VEGFR233, 34, in tumor tissues from mice treated with 1 or curcumin compared with controls, with 1 having a greater effect than curcumin. This evidence concerns the gene PECAM1 and neoplasm.