PSMA1 is an important regulator of proteasome-mediated proteolysis, with a key role in cancer development and/or progression through modulation of p53 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling, which can play a key role in the control of intestinal tissue hyperplasia and homeostatic dysregulation after E. caproni infection. Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.