ESR1 and breast carcinoma: Resistance to endocrine therapies such as selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators (SERMs; e.g., tamoxifen), selective ER downregulators (SERDs; e.g., fulvestrant), and the aromatase inhibitors is seen in 50%–60% of early breast cancer (BC) cases and develops in almost all patients with advanced disease (Davies et al., 2011; Palmieri et al., 2014).