Since the TLR9 agonist CpG had demonstrated promise in allergen-free immunotherapy against allergy in previous studies4, 7, 10, we therefore hypothesized that by improving its targeting to lung-resident DCs and lung LNs, conjugation to ultrasmall NPs could allow the same dose of CpG to yield greater efficacy in preventing and treating airway allergy. The gene discussed is TLR9; the disease is allergic respiratory disease.