Then, we tested the efficacy of NP-CpG in both prophylactic and therapeutic models of airway allergy using the common aeroallergen house dust mite (HDM), which is a major source of allergens as well as bacterial and fungal products that can lead to airway allergy (allergic rhinitis and asthma) via TLR-4 triggering on airway structural cells32. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is allergic respiratory disease.