Taken together, lower TGF-β1 levels in lungs with NP-CpG (Figs. 3 and 5) may be a consequence of lower eosinophilia and Th2-related cytokine production (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) in NP-CpG treated mice. Here, TGFB1 is linked to Increased total eosinophil count.