SOCS3 and brain inflammatory disease: Several lines of evidence suggest that in microglia, SOCS3 inhibits cytokine-induced immune and inflammatory responses in vitro [45, 46] and that in astrocytes, SOCS3 enhances inhibition of chemokine expression and T-cell migration [31], suggesting that SOCS3 expression in macrophages, microglia, and astrocytes suppresses brain inflammation.