LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: 1999; Morton et al. 2006). Leptin also increases SNA to organs involved in cardiovascular regulation such as the kidney and induces arterial pressure elevation (Rahmouni 2010). In addition, the sympathoexcitatory effect of leptin has emerged as an important culprit linking obesity and hypertension (Rahmouni et al. 2005a; Hall et al. 2010; Jeppesen and Asferg 2010; Rahmouni 2014).