TLR4 and malaria: For example, EVs derived from reticulocytes infected with Plasmodium yoelii, a rodent malaria, induce protection to infection in mice [137]. Plasmodium berghei, another rodent malaria, secretes microparticles in the plasma of infected mice that induce an intense macrophage activation, which results in inflammatory reaction [138] via TLR4 and MyD88 [12].