TNF and glioblastoma: We demonstrated that Smac mimetics can exert non-apoptotic functions and can stimulate migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells via activation of NF-κB and TNFα/TNFR1 autocrine/paracrine signaling.23, 24 In glioblastoma cancer stem-like cells, Smac mimetics at non-toxic concentrations can promote astrocytic differentiation by activating NF-κB.29