CCL4 and Alzheimer disease: In Ccl4-injured rat liver model, human placenta-derived MSCs stimulated autophagy in damaged hepatic cells and triggered liver regeneration.46 This study also revealed that BM-MSCs promoted the formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes and thus exert cytoprotective effects on β cells, which was consistent with recent reports that treatment with MSCs increased neuronal survival via enhancement of autophagy in both Alzheimer disease models27 and parkinsonian models.28